Laboratory fire safety design and specification configuration
Laboratory fire safety is a systematic project, which is connected and affected by each other. Strictly speaking, it is a part that affects the whole body and runs through the whole life cycle of laboratory design, construction, decoration and use. The fire protection design of the laboratory shall follow the national guidelines and policies on basic construction, implement the fire protection work policy of "prevention first, combination of prevention and fire prevention", and carry out the design and construction in accordance with the code for fire protection design of buildings (GB 50016-2014).
If it is a new experimental building, efforts should be made on site selection to meet the laboratory functions. For example, the laboratory with fire and explosion risks should be set in an independent laboratory building. The laboratory building should be a single storey or bottom floor building, and keep sufficient fire separation from surrounding buildings. In case of high-risk laboratories, such as hydrogenation laboratory and autoclave laboratory, they shall be set at the bottom of the laboratory building near the outer wall, and independent entrances and exits shall be set. The laboratory building shall be provided with at least two external entrances and exits, and each floor shall be provided with at least two entrances and exits. Each laboratory shall be provided with two exits facing the corridor and the distance shall be as far as possible. In terms of site selection and positioning, we should first reduce the potential fire hazards. After the problem of location is solved, the fire protection design will focus on the configuration of special facilities. The purpose of fire protection design is to eliminate open fire and toxic gas. So it is of absolute significance to make an article on the circuit, ventilation, experimental furniture and pipelines, which are closely related to fire safety.
1. Power supply configuration
The lighting power supply of the laboratory must be separated from the power supply of the experimental equipment, and equipped with main and sub power switches. The power switch shall be as far away from the water source as possible. All electrical switches and sockets must be explosion-proof. The power supply of the experimental equipment shall have two holes and three holes, and shall be provided with sockets with protective covers, which shall be placed at each required place and installed laterally to avoid short circuit due to splashing of liquid.
2. Ventilation equipment
The laboratory requires that all fresh air must come from the outside and then be discharged from the outside. The exhaust of the chemical fume hood shall not be circulated indoors. The fume hood has upper exhaust type, lower exhaust type and upper and lower exhaust type at the same time. The selection of the fume hood can be determined according to the nature of the discharged material. If the discharged material is heavier than the air, the lower exhaust type can be selected; If the discharged material is lighter than the air, select the upper exhaust type; If the nature of the exhaust is unstable, select the upper and lower exhaust type, and adjust the proportion of the upper and lower exhaust volume according to the actual situation. In addition, the fume hood cannot be the only indoor exhaust facility, and the exhaust hood shall be set above the instrument that may produce hazardous substances locally for local exhaust. The top of the fume hood is preferably made of cement; If the wood cabinet is used, it shall be treated with waterproof and flame retardant technology to make it resistant to certain high temperature.
3. Experimental table
The clear distance between the front and back of two experimental tables in the laboratory shall not be less than 60 cm when two persons operate on one side; When four persons operate on both sides, it shall not be less than L30 cm; If there are more than four people, it shall not be less than 150 cm when operating on both sides. Net distance of longitudinal walkway in the middle of the laboratory: less than 60 cm when two persons operate on one side; When four people operate on both sides, it shall not be less than 90 cm. The net distance between the end of the laboratory table and the wall (or the inner wall column and equipment pipe protruding from the wall) shall not be less than 55 cm.
4. Test cabinet
A small storage cabinet shall be set in the laboratory to store the chemical reagents to be used in a short period of time. The storage cabinet shall have good fire resistance, proper ventilation and necessary safety color packaging to ensure the safe and reliable storage of reagents and dangerous poisons. The quantity of hazardous and toxic substances stored in the laboratory shall be strictly controlled, and those not necessary for work shall not be stored, let alone put away for a long time.
5. Pipeline
According to the experimental needs, the laboratory needs to lay water, electricity, gas, compressed air and other pipelines. The pipeline materials shall have certain chemical stability and a certain interval shall be maintained between the pipelines. Valves for gas, superheated steam and compressed air should be painted in different colors or made in different shapes to avoid confusion. The switch position of the valve shall be easy to identify, and it can be distinguished whether it is open or closed. The safety master gate for controlling electric, gas, compressed air, superheated steam and other lines or pipelines shall be set outside the laboratory.
In addition, it is essential to equip the laboratory with necessary fire-fighting facilities. The following four types of fire fighting facilities are necessary for the laboratory:
1) Fire fighting equipment
The laboratory building shall be equipped with necessary fire extinguishing equipment according to the technical specifications, including fire hoses, foam fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, dry powder fire extinguishers, carbon tetrachloride fire extinguishers, "1211" fire extinguishers, sand boxes, etc. Each laboratory shall be equipped with small fire extinguishers and hung indoors.
2) Anti poison equipment
Each floor shall be equipped with a number of filter type gas masks or isolation type gas masks, so as to carry out fire fighting and rescue work in time. It shall be capable of breathing for 30 minutes.
3) Alarm
Laboratories engaged in highly toxic gases shall be equipped with alarms. In case of toxic gas leakage accident, an alarm can be sent to the nearby laboratory in time. The alarm can be an electric bell or a whistle.
4) Emergency lighting
The laboratory building shall be equipped with emergency power supply to ensure the lighting of evacuation passages and critical places in case of power failure. Emergency power supply is divided into standby generator and standby battery. The standby generator shall be able to start remotely or be equipped with automatic starting device. In order to prevent the danger caused by power failure during the experiment, the standby generator shall ensure the power supply, and the lighting needs shall be guaranteed within 45 seconds after the power failure. The illumination can be about 1 / 8 of the normal condition. The emergency lighting and safety evacuation indicator lights of evacuation passageway, emergency exit and staircase can be powered by standby battery, and the illumination shall not be less than 1 lux. Near the instruments and equipment that may cause accidents, on the walls on both sides of the control room and the evacuation passage, on the top of the emergency exit, and at the corners of the stairway and the walkway, the accident lights shall be set and painted with conspicuous color marks. Safety evacuation indicator lights shall also be set at safety exits and evacuation passages.
In addition to the fire protection design in the laboratory decoration design, the laboratory should also formulate a strict use management system in use to reduce the fire safety problems caused by human errors. For example, a certain number of fire-fighting equipment must be stored in the laboratory, and special personnel shall be designated to manage and replace regularly; All inflammable and explosive articles (such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) in the laboratory must be kept at a certain distance from the fire source and power supply, and shall not be stacked at will; Eliminate overload power consumption; No articles shall be stacked in the power switch box; Combustible gas cylinders and combustion supporting gas cylinders shall not be mixed.
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